Romano-British deposits
Only limited traces of Romano-British layers were recorded, but sufficient to indicate a 3.5 m wide pebbled street running north-east/south-west beneath the cathedral. Fronting onto the street were timber-framed buildings and a masonry structure, as yet undated. The building reported by Frank Jenkins to the south of the cathedral (Jenkins 1990) may also have fronted onto this street, and is undoubtedly also of Romano-British date.

Anglo-Saxon Cathedral
By far the most important find was the remains of the Anglo-Saxon cathedral, just 0.20m below the 1786 floor. The remains may be divided into four main phases. The earliest, Phase I, is represented by narrow wall foundations at the east end of the nave. These foundations cut into post Roman `dark earth' deposits which sealed the Romano British deposits. They may well be part of the original church of St Augustine constructed soon after his arrival in A.D. 597, which comprised a nave with possible narthex to the west and porticus to the north and south. The foundations were of re-used Roman stone with mortared stone and Roman bricks above. The plan and scale of the building are similar to the early church of St Peter and St Paul at St Augustine's Abbey (Sparks 1990, 8).

Phase II consisted of a partly subterranean masonry structure with a tile floor 1.2 m. below contemporary ground surface and walls rendered in opus signinum. Situated to the south-west of the Phase I foundations, it may have been an addition since it overlay an earlier wall. Its function remains uncertain, but it might have been a mausoleum.

During the ninth or tenth century the early church was demolished and a larger structure (49 m. by 23 m.) was built with a squared end (Phase III). This building had substantial aisle foundations. An integral grave was found constructed in the north aisle close to the west end. The location of a central square tower was indicated by two cross walls and a 3 m. wide foundation on the south side It is tempting to ascribe this phase to Archbishop Wulfed (805-32), and a subsequent rebuild, marked by an offset tile course on the south wall, to Archbishop Oda (942-58).

The next phase (Phase IV) saw the demolition of the squared western end and its replacement with a major west-work (the Oratory of St Mary). A substantial part of this west-work was uncovered in the excavations, in the form of a deep polygonal apse with flanking hexagonal stair-towers. The Archbishop's cathedra or throne would have been sited to the rear of the apse with the altar to the Virgin set in front, towards the nave. At the same time the arcade walls were strengthened and towers added to the eastern corners - one of which was located in the south-west transept, and may be the tower of St Gregory (Brooks 1984, 39). These remains may have been built by Archbishops Lyfing (1013-20) or Æthelnoth (1020-38) after a Danish army, led by Thorkell the Tall and his brother Hemming, plundered and burnt the city and cathedral in 1011 (Woodman 1981, 15). Parallels for Phase IV are to be found in the Ottonian Romanesque churches of the tenth and eleventh centuries in France, Germany and Switzerland.

The excavated remains of Phase IV measured 58.5m by 30m. However, the cathedral was `bi-polar' having both eastern and western apses. It may, therefore, be postulated that to the east the excavated area was a large ring crypt, possibly housing the remains of St Dunstan. The original church may have been around 75 m. in length, bringing the east end close to the fragments of masonry found below the crypt floor in 1895 (Strik 1982, fig 3). Undoubtedly the cathedral in the early years of the eleventh century would have ranked among the largest in Northern Europe.

The cathedral was badly damaged by fire on 6th December 1067 and saw no further construction work until Archbishop Lanfranc came to Canterbury in 1070.

Archbishop Lanfranc's Norman Cathedral
From 1071-77 the rebuilding of the cathedral was underway. Analysis of the foundations suggests that this work was done in stages, with the west-work left standing until the east end was largely built. We are informed of this by Eadmer the monk, who tells us that burials were stored at the west end of the old cathedral whilst the eastern end of the Norman church was constructed. The new cathedral was aligned on the previous one, but set some 5m or so to the south

We now have a good ground plan of most of the Norman cathedral's foundations and details of the stone floor, the bedding mortar of which preserved the impressions of each slab. The floor, of Marquise limestone, survived until 1786 when it was removed and a Portland floor laid. Some small traces of the original Norman floor remain intact, sealed below later pier bases. Scars of the Norman cruciform pier bases also survive below the overlying, but more slender, pier bases of the later fourteenth century cathedral. In the south-west transept was found a substantial masonry foundation for the central pier which supported a tribune bridge and organ loft. The foundations for a central flight of steps, running north below the pulpitum, were found. They presumably link up with central, blocked, entrance in the west wall of the crypt (Strik 1982, fig 5). The steps saw repairs, probably during the twelfth century, and went out of use in the fifteenth century, when they were backfilled and a tunnel created through to the Martyrdom transept.

Publication of the Norman work will draw together and analyse all previously reported fragments of the fabric in the roof of the present cathedral.

A finely-dressed stone coffin in the north aisle may be that of Richard of Dover (1173-84) and noted by Somner in his Antiquities of Canterbury (1640). It was evidently found whilst inserting another grave and also badly disturbed, and opened, during the 1786 reflooring.

The Later Cathedral
New information on the fourteenth-fifteenth century fabric include the location of the floor of the Lady Chapel in the north transept, and its doorway to the cloisters. Several medieval burials were also located including those of Archbishops Islip, Anselm and Whittlesy, and Sir William Lovelace in the arcade walls, and Bishop Buckingham in the centre of the nave. None of the burials was intact since they were all removed in 1786, before laying the new floor.

Numerous brick vaults and three lead coffins were found, which had been left intact during the extensive work of 1786.

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The information on this page is Copyright © Canterbury Archaeological Trust Ltd. 1993 Reproduced with permission. The text and pictures were taken from Canterbury's Archaeology 1992/1993, The 17th Annual Report of Canterbury Archaeological Trust Ltd.